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Rois et souverains --- 929 CHARLEMAGNE --- Kings and rulers --- Carolingians. --- Charlemagne, --- France --- History --- Rois et souverains - France - Biographies --- Empire carolingien --- Charlemagne (charles i le grand, roi des francs, des lombards et empereur d'occident), 742-814 --- 768-814 (charlemagne)

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Charles the Great [Holy Roman Emperor] --- Carolingians --- Carolingiens --- Sources. --- Sources --- France --- History --- Histoire --- Charlemagne, --- 940.1 --- Geschiedenis van Europa: Middeleeuwen:--(ca.375-1492) --- 940.1 Geschiedenis van Europa: Middeleeuwen:--(ca.375-1492) --- Carlovingians --- Carolinians --- Karol Wielki, --- Karl --- Carolus Magnus, --- Shārlmān, --- Charles the Great, --- Karl Velikiĭ, --- Carlo Magno, --- Carlos Magno, --- Karolus Magnus, --- Karl the Great, --- Carlomagno, --- Karl den store, --- شارلمان، --- Pʻŭrangsŭ --- Frankrig --- Francja --- Frant︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Prantsusmaa --- Francia (Republic) --- Tsarfat --- Tsorfat --- Franḳraykh --- Frankreich --- Fa-kuo --- Faguo --- Франция --- French Republic --- République française --- Peurancih --- Frankryk --- Franse Republiek --- Francland --- Frencisc Cynewīse --- فرنسا --- Faransā --- Franza --- Republica Franzesa --- Gallia (Republic) --- Hyãsia --- Phransiya --- Fransa --- Fransa Respublikası --- Franse --- Францыя --- Frantsyi︠a︡ --- Французская Рэспубліка --- Frantsuzskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Parancis --- Pransya --- Franis --- Francuska --- Republika Francuska --- Bro-C'hall --- Френска република --- Frenska republika --- França --- República Francesa --- Pransiya --- Republikang Pranses --- Γαλλία --- Gallia --- Γαλλική Δημοκρατία --- Gallikē Dēmokratia --- فرانسه --- Farānsah --- צרפת --- רפובליקה הצרפתית --- Republiḳah ha-Tsarfatit --- פראנקרייך --- 法国 --- 法蘭西共和國 --- Falanxi Gongheguo --- フランス --- Furansu --- フランス共和国 --- Furansu Kyōwakoku --- Francija --- Ranska --- Frankrike --- France (Provisional government, 1944-1946) --- 프랑스 --- Falanxi --- Fa-lan-hsi --- 法蘭西 --- Frankrijk --- Frant︠s︡ --- Франц --- Frant︠s︡ Uls --- Франц Улс --- Carolingians - Sources --- Charlemagne, - Emperor, - 742-814 --- France - History - To 987 - Sources

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A world-renowned scholar of plainchant, Kenneth Levy has spent a portion of his career investigating the nature and ramifications of this repertory's shift from an oral tradition to the written versions dating to the tenth century. In Gregorian Chant and the Carolingians, which represents the culmination of his research, Levy seeks to change long-held perceptions about certain crucial stages of the evolution and dissemination of the old corpus of plainchant--most notably the assumption that such a large and complex repertory could have become and remained fixed for over a century while still an oral tradition. Levy portrays the promulgation of an authoritative body of plainchant during the reign of Charlemagne by clearly differentiating between actual evidence, hypotheses, and received ideas. How many traditions of oral chant existed before the tenth century? Among the variations noted in written chant, can one point to a single version as being older or more authentic than the others? What precursors might there have been to the notational system used in all the surviving manuscripts, where the notational system seems fully formed and mature? In answering questions that have long vexed many scholars of Gregorian chant's early history, Levy offers fresh explanations of such topics as the origin of Latin neumes, the shifting relationships between memory and early notations, and the puzzling differences among the first surviving neume-species from the tenth century, which have until now impeded a critical restoration of the Carolingian musical forms.

Gregorian chants --- Neumes --- Music --- Chant grégorien --- Musique --- History and criticism --- Histoire et critique --- History and criticism. --- Chant grégorien --- Instruction and study --- Chants (Plain, Gregorian, etc.) --- Aachen. --- Ad te Domine levavi. --- Ad te levavi. --- Aquitaine. --- Aurelian of Réóme. --- Ave Maria, Bamberg. --- Benedict of Aniane. --- Berno of Reichenau. --- Blandiniensis. --- Brittany. --- Canosa Missal. --- Charlemagne. --- Chartres. --- Cologne. --- Cum audisset. --- Desiderius. --- Deus in nomine tuo. --- Dijon. --- Echternach. --- Einsiedeln. --- England. --- Erit hie vobis. --- Ferretti, Paolo. --- France. --- Gaul. --- Gran. --- Grenoble. --- Haec dicit. --- Hartker. --- Homer. --- Hucke, Helmut. --- Jammers, Ewald. --- Jerusalem. --- John of Saragossa. --- Korvey. --- Laon. --- Leander of Seville. --- Liber Commicus. --- Locus iste. --- Lotharingia. --- Louis the German. --- Medicaea. --- Metz. --- Mount Sinai. --- Nonantola. --- Oravi Deum. --- Passau Gradual. --- Posuisti. --- Rome. --- Soissons. --- St Amand. --- Stavelot. --- Tours. --- Vienna. --- Chant (Plain, Gregorian, etc.) --- Franco-Roman chants --- Gregorian chant --- Old Roman chants --- Plainchant --- Plainchants --- Plainsong --- Roman chants --- Chants